Friday, May 31, 2013
Avus Performance Audi R8 exhaust modification photos
To us, photos of cars taken apart can be just as good as photos of a freshly waxed show car. This is one of those occasions. Avus Performace has just uploaded a set of photos showing the exhaust modification process of an Audi R8. Is it just us, or doesnt the Audi R8 look just as spectacular partially disassembled as it does on the street?
Thursday, May 30, 2013
2011 BMW CAR TYPES 335is Picture
2011 BMW CAR TYPES 335is coupe
BMW has just announced the 2011 BMW car types 335is. At 320 hp, 332 lb-ft torque (or 370 lb-ft when launch control is used on the new 7 speed transmission), the 335is will reach 60 mph in 5 seconds flat. For comparison, a Chevy Camaro SS does the 0-60 march in 4.6 seconds.
2011 BMW CAR TYPES 335is BLUE COLOR
BMW, along with its other 2011 car types 3 series updates, equips the 335is with new high-depth LED xenon headlamps, a revised hood with new grille, and M Sport package enhancements which include a full M aero body kit, freer-flowing exhaust, Shadowline black window trim, high-gloss side mirror caps, 18″ ferric gray alloy wheels (or optional 19″ M wheels).
Wednesday, May 29, 2013
Flush Audi TT2S with Full Carbonfiber Body Kit
Specification :
Basic Car : Audi TT
Car : Flush Audi TT2S
Engine : The Turbo engine K04T
Engine Power : 380 Horse power
Suspension : KW variante 3 suspension setup
Wheel : The three piece rims in 18" fitted with stretched Toyo tires
Eksterior : The body kit is made in full carbonfiber and is original from Audi,OEM RS6 LED lights,The Miltek exthaust line and mufflers in combination with the carbon,Miltek race cat and a RS intercooler completing the package
Tuesday, May 28, 2013
All New Honda CBR250R
Honda CBR250R
BANGKOK (dp) - A.P. Honda Co.., Ltd.., Thailand, today, Wednesday (27/10), officially launched the all-new Honda CBR250R in Bangkok. The launch of this bike sports at once began selling Honda motorcycles 250cc engine capacity in the ASEAN market.
Contributors Dapurpacu.com in Bangkok, Komar Johari, reported the launch carried out promptly at 13:00 local time (same as Jakarta) in Zentera Grand (Central World), Bangkok.
According to the latest Honda CBR 250R will be manufactured in Thailand and began to be marketed in November 2010. The machine is said to be held CBR250R is a production of Thai Honda Maufacturing Co.., Ltd.. (Thai Honda). The presence of this sporty model is the first in production in Thailand.
In addition marketed in Thailand and ASEAN, including Indonesia, CBR250R will be supplied to the fulfillment of consumers in Japan, Europe, North America, and Australia. In Japan this product will be marketed starting in 2011.
According to Thai Honda, design engineering (R & D) new CBR250R done through supervision of Japan and Thailand. The emphasis of design and technical CBR250R said to be "Sport Quarter for One World, CBR 250R."
This concept aims for CBR250R can be ridden by all the riders in a variety of purposes, ranging from beginner to experienced, including when they want to do maneuvers.
Thai Honda also said to be a production base CBR20R-base motor has been manufactured since 1976 and went on sale in Japan since 1988 view Cub 100EX model.
Until June 2010 about 18 million motorcycles were sold in the entire CBR region, including Europe and Asia. Honda CBR itself is the result of design and technical development carried out at Hondas facility in Kumamoto, Japan (Dapurpacu.com chance to visit the facility.) This facility is quite an importance aspect of high quality.
This can be seen from the application of full-cowl body carried on the CBR250R. According to Honda, to make the necessary advanced technology concepts, including the thinking function.
CBR250R also claimed memilingki frame made of solid diamond cut style that is quite difficult in the implementation structure. With this emphasis, the Honda CBR250R can promise an easy control, agility while maneuvering like a sport bike.
Even the design is very good CBR250R also alluded to in the flow of air pressure at high speeds. This directly will make the effect better stability.
Meanwhile, in the areas of safety, the CBR250R has mengobinasi Combined ABS braking system (Anti-Lock Brake System). This is the first feature for motor sport in the 250cc class.
Combined ABS itself promises a stability when the rider wants to do the braking. Moreover, this system combined with the technology involved Combined Brake System (CBS), an anti-locking system on the front and rear brakes.
So far Dapurpacu.com still had difficulty contacting the PT Astra Honda Motor (AHM) to ask about the plan CBR250R sales in Indonesia. However it is probable that this section will diperihatkan motor in Jakarta Motorcycle Show 2010 which will begin on November 3 at building the Jakarta Convention Center (JCC), Jakarta. [Dp / GRG / Komar Johari-BANGKOK]
Contributors Dapurpacu.com in Bangkok, Komar Johari, reported the launch carried out promptly at 13:00 local time (same as Jakarta) in Zentera Grand (Central World), Bangkok.
According to the latest Honda CBR 250R will be manufactured in Thailand and began to be marketed in November 2010. The machine is said to be held CBR250R is a production of Thai Honda Maufacturing Co.., Ltd.. (Thai Honda). The presence of this sporty model is the first in production in Thailand.
In addition marketed in Thailand and ASEAN, including Indonesia, CBR250R will be supplied to the fulfillment of consumers in Japan, Europe, North America, and Australia. In Japan this product will be marketed starting in 2011.
According to Thai Honda, design engineering (R & D) new CBR250R done through supervision of Japan and Thailand. The emphasis of design and technical CBR250R said to be "Sport Quarter for One World, CBR 250R."
This concept aims for CBR250R can be ridden by all the riders in a variety of purposes, ranging from beginner to experienced, including when they want to do maneuvers.
Thai Honda also said to be a production base CBR20R-base motor has been manufactured since 1976 and went on sale in Japan since 1988 view Cub 100EX model.
Until June 2010 about 18 million motorcycles were sold in the entire CBR region, including Europe and Asia. Honda CBR itself is the result of design and technical development carried out at Hondas facility in Kumamoto, Japan (Dapurpacu.com chance to visit the facility.) This facility is quite an importance aspect of high quality.
This can be seen from the application of full-cowl body carried on the CBR250R. According to Honda, to make the necessary advanced technology concepts, including the thinking function.
CBR250R also claimed memilingki frame made of solid diamond cut style that is quite difficult in the implementation structure. With this emphasis, the Honda CBR250R can promise an easy control, agility while maneuvering like a sport bike.
Even the design is very good CBR250R also alluded to in the flow of air pressure at high speeds. This directly will make the effect better stability.
Meanwhile, in the areas of safety, the CBR250R has mengobinasi Combined ABS braking system (Anti-Lock Brake System). This is the first feature for motor sport in the 250cc class.
Combined ABS itself promises a stability when the rider wants to do the braking. Moreover, this system combined with the technology involved Combined Brake System (CBS), an anti-locking system on the front and rear brakes.
So far Dapurpacu.com still had difficulty contacting the PT Astra Honda Motor (AHM) to ask about the plan CBR250R sales in Indonesia. However it is probable that this section will diperihatkan motor in Jakarta Motorcycle Show 2010 which will begin on November 3 at building the Jakarta Convention Center (JCC), Jakarta. [Dp / GRG / Komar Johari-BANGKOK]
Saturday, May 25, 2013
1 29 Lakh Pound for Churchills Land Rover
Photo credits : classicdriver.com,
igyaan.in
Friday, May 24, 2013
Range Rover Evoque
The Range Rover Evoque is a Compact SUV from Land Rover, available in both three- and five-door versions, which went into production in July 2011. The Evoque is designed to appeal to urban buyers and meet requirements for lower CO2 emissions and fuel economy. The production vehicle is very similar to the Land Rover LRX concept, which was unveiled at the North American International Auto Show in January 2008. The Evoque has been received positively by the automotive press for retaining the features, luxurious amenities, and off-road capabilities of a traditional Range Rover in a smaller, more city-friendly package. Land Rover sold nearly 88,000 units of the Evoque in its first year of production. It exudes true British aura like the Aston Martins.
Development
LRX concept vehicle
The Evoque was developed from the LRX concept vehicle with the goal of producing a smaller more environmentally conscious vehicle. The size of the LRX complemented a wide array of efficiency improving technologies in the form of Land Rover’s e_Terrain technologies. These included biofuel compatibility, lightweight construction materials and technologies such as the removable carbon composite roof panels,regenerative brakes, a stop-start system, and the ERAD (electric rear axle drive) parallel hybrid powertrain system.
The ERAD system could propel the LRX to speeds of up to 20 mph (32 km/h) before the engine was started by an integrated starter generator as part of the stop-start system. ERAD was designed to reduce CO2 emissions by an average of 20 percent under the NEDC test cycle and was expected to offer another 10 percent reduction in extra-urban driving situations while also optimising the off-road ability of the vehicle. Land Rover aimed to achieve 120 g/km CO2 emissions and fuel economy of 60 mpg-imp (4.7 L/100 km; 50 mpg-US) on the European combined cycle with an efficient 2.2-litre turbodiesel engine. The engine would become the only four-cylinder vehicle in the Range Rover lineup.
The latest incarnation of Land Rover’s acclaimed Terrain Response system was also included offering sport andeco modes in addition to the existing grass, gravel, snow, and sand modes. Typical Land Rover design traits aim at improving off-road performance included a prominent driving position, hill descent control, and useful approach and departure angles. A Land Rover first was an air intake system integrated into the roof which offered exceptional wading capabilities though this feature did not make it to the production model. Land Rovers Range Rover styling was visually apparent in the form of the clamshell bonnet, the ‘floating’ roof, dual-pocket headlamps, and raked roof line.
Interior design improvements were another main focus of the LRX concept though the interior of the production Evoque changed significantly from the concept LRX. Notable interior features in the LRX included ambient interior lighting that changed according to Terrain Response settings, and vehicle data which was presented to the driver through a ‘floating’ three-dimensional LCD display. An aluminium centre console with an iPhone docking station stretched the length of the cabin, separating the four seats and the tailgate. Seats with open frameworks were used to give the impression of an airy interior while also creating useful under-seat and under-floor stowage areas. Electric motors folded the rear seats forward providing enough room for two mountain bikes to be fitted upright, with front wheels removed and stored in dedicated slots in the floor.
Production model
On 11 March 2009, the UK government announced a £27 million grant to Land Rover to produce an all-new model, subject to the conditions that the Evoque would be manufactured at its Halewood Body & Assembly facility in Liverpool. Phil Popham, Managing Director of Land Rover, announced the production of the Evoque by stating:
| “ | Our engineering feasibility study has shown that we can very successfully deliver Range Rover levels of quality, drivability and breadth of performance in a more compact, more sustainable, package. Feedback from the most extensive customer research we have ever undertaken also fully supports our belief that a production version of the LRX Concept would further raise the desirability of our brand and absolutely meet all those expectations. | ” |
Production of the Evoque started on 4 July 2011, at Halewood, with the first customer deliveries in September. The British Motor Industry Heritage Trust was given the first vehicle off the line to add to their collection, held at the Heritage Motor Centre in Gaydon. The production model Evoque retained nearly identical bodywork from the LRX prototype including the cabin length the panoramic sun roof. However no hybrid power train is being offered, due to the new top-down hybridisation project undertaken by Land Rover, which will first feature the heavier vehicles such as the Land Rover Discovery, and regular Range Rover, and then later move on to lighter vehicles such as the Evoque. Though, a version of the terrain response system is included.
Specifications
The Evoque departs from the classic body on frame design used traditionally for vehicles designed for off road use. Instead the Evoque features a more modern unibody construction technique for improved handling and ride quality, and to appeal to buyers who drive primarily on road. Despite a lack of traditional body on frame construction and dedicated transfer case, the Evoque is still capable of class leading off road performance with 215 mm (8.5 in) of ground clearance, 25 degree approach and 33 degree departure angles, and the ability to ford up to 500 mm (19.7 in) of water. The Evoque platform, named LR-MS, is loosely based on the Ford EUCD platform (which was used on the companys Freelander 2) but 90% of its parts were redesigned.
The manufacturers fuel economy estimates for the 2.2-litre diesel engine with manual transmission are 47.1 miles per imperial gallon (6.00 L/100 km; 39.2 mpg-US) urban and 56.5 miles per imperial gallon (5.00 L/100 km; 47.0 mpg-US) combined, with CO2 emissions of 133 g/km. For the 2.0-litre petrol engine with automatic transmission the figures are 23.7 miles per imperial gallon (11.9 L/100 km; 19.7 mpg-US), 32.5 miles per imperial gallon (8.69 L/100 km; 27.1 mpg-US) and 199 g/km CO2. United States Environmental Protection Agency fuel economy estimates have been stated as being 19 miles per US gallon (12 L/100 km; 23 mpg-imp) in the city and 28 miles per US gallon (8.4 L/100 km; 34 mpg-imp) highway for the 2-litre petrol version.
Models
The car was launched as two distinct models: the five-door Evoque and the three-door Evoque Coupé. The five-door model is available in three trim levels - Pure, Prestige and Dynamic. While the "Evoque Coupè" is only available in two trim levels- "Pure" and "Dynamic". Land Rover markets the Pure as the minimalist version rather than the "base model" while the Prestige adds luxury options and the Dynamic focuses more on performance. Land Rover estimates 80% of North American sales will be for the five-door model.
Interior
The cabin is intended to be upscale and luxurious in line with the rest of the Range Rover brand. More notable options are a cabin length fixed sunroof and a 8-inch touch screen entertainment system that can display two different images simultaneously to both the driver and front passenger, the same system used in other Range Rover and Land Rover models. As well as mood lighting, in colours such as red, and blue, located in the door sills, handles, and other nooks and crannies of the Evoque. The Evoque also has a push button start system, which will start the vehicle automatically, once the key fob is sensed. The cabin seats four, with optional heated seating, steering wheel, and windscreen wipers. There is also a 5-inch drivers information display, which displays information about the vehicle, and more. There are 12 interior colour choices available in a variety of wood and metal trims as well as three optional contrasting roof treatments.
Body
Engineers used advanced weight saving techniques to bring the total kerb weight down to under 1,670 kg (3,700 lb). The use of aluminium for the bonnet and the roof, and composite plastics for the one-piece tailgate helped produce a vehicle weighing 100 kg (220 lb) less than the Freelander. The Evoque can be equipped with five exterior cameras to give the driver added visibility for off road maneuvers and compensate for the sloping roofline design with limited rear visibility.
The Evoque comes in twelve different body colours with three optional contrasting roof colours and five optional wheel choices though Land Rover offers a "designers choice" of predetermined combinations on most models. The Dynamic model incorporates more aggressive bodywork including a different front fascia and lowered suspension.
Engines
Three engine options are available for the Evoque: two 2.2-litre turbodiesels producing either 148 bhp (110 kW; 150 PS) or 187 bhp (139 kW; 190 PS) currently available only in European markets, and a 2-litre 237 bhp (177 kW; 240 PS) turbocharged petrol engine. The 2.0-litre turbo charged engine is sourced from the Ford Ecoboost also being used in the Ford Edge, Ford Explorer, and Volvo S60. Small displacement high output engine choices were made to provide the Evoque adequate power while meeting increasing fuel economy requirements.
Despite half the cylinders and less than half the displacement of the Range Rover Sport, the 2.0-litre turbo Evoque with a six-speed automatic transmission achieves similar performance figures including a 6.7 second 0 to 60 miles per hour (0 to 97 km/h) time and a higher 0.82 g average lateral acceleration.
Safety
The European New Car Assessment Programme (Euro NCAP) awarded the Evoque a five-star car safety rating, earning the following ratings for each criterion. The tested model was a right-hand drive, five-door with a 2.2 diesel engine registered in 2011:
| Euro NCAP test results | ||
|---|---|---|
| Range Rover Evoque (2012) | ||
| Test | Points | % |
| Overall: |  | |
| Adult occupant: | 31 | 86% |
| Child occupant: | 37 | 75% |
| Pedestrian: | 15 | 41% |
| Safety assist: | 6 | 86% |
The Australasian New Car Assessment Program (ANCAP) rated the Evoque four out of five stars for crash safety, scoring 32.49 out of 37. This score takes into account the 12.39 out of 16 rating in the frontal offset crash test, and the score of 16 out of 16 received for the side impact test.
Concepts and special editions
Evoque Convertible Concept
At the 2012 Geneva Motor Show, Land Rover unveiled an Evoque Convertible Concept, calling it "The world’s first premium SUV convertible", in comparison to the mid-level Nissan Murano convertible launched in 2010. The vehicle is based on the three-door Evoque Coupè but with seats for four, and has a power-retractable soft top roof. The concept sits on 21-inch wheels. The Evoques hatchback has been replaced with a drop-down tailgate. Land Rover has stated that: "The new convertible body has been achieved with minimum changes to weight and torsional rigidity. Land Rover has also stated that the Convertible Concept is as off-road ready as the regular Evoque.
Evoque Special Edition
Victoria Beckham was involved with the Evoque Special Edition, jointly designed by her and Land Rovers Gerry McGovern. The special edition was announced in April 2012 at the Beijing Motor Show. The special edition is based on the three-door coupe, featuring rose gold accents, which McGovern stated was inspired by Beckhams rose gold mens watch she wore upon first entering the design studio, vintage tan leather seating and matt grey exterior paint. The black wheels, grill, and other accents, all have rose gold accents. There is also a limited edition his and hers luggage set, a purse and a wallet, all designed by Beckham.
All-terrain systems
The Evoque is primarily configured with a generation IV Haldex permanent Four-wheel drive system though a two-wheel drive version is available in European markets. The Evoque also comes standard with Land Rovers latest version of Terrain Response, which maximises traction in a variety of conditions by altering throttle response, power distribution, and suspension settings. The Terrain Response system also includes electronic stability control, roll stability control, traction control, and an optional hill descent control which automatically applies braking to control speed when moving down an incline.
A third generation MagneRide suspension system is also available which works by magnetising iron particles inside the suspension fluid to quickly adapt shock absorber firmness to road changes.
Reception
Prior to going on sale in September 2011, Land Rover had 18,000 pre-orders for the Evoque. By July 2012, a year after production began, the company had sold 80,000 units. And soon after, Land Rover revealed that they had sold nearly 90,000 units.
Since its launch the Evoque has received acclaim from the automotive press including several "best of" awards. The popular British car show Top Gear, view the Evoque as the softening of the Land Rover image, though Top Gear were impressed with the Evoques off road capabilities. Motor Trend contends that the Evoque is the necessary evolution of the Land Rover brand to stay competitive in a more environmentally conscious marketplace.
The Evoque has been awarded several national and international awards including:
- 2012 North American Truck of the Year
- 2012 World Design Car of the Year, part of the World Car of the Year awards
- 2012 Womens Overall World Car of The Year and Womens Top World Luxury Car of the Year
- 2012 Best of the Best/Truck by AutoWeek magazine
- 2012 SUV of the Year by Motor Trend in 2011
- 2011 Auto Express Car of the Year
- 2011 Car of the Year by Top Gear
- 2010 Best production car by Car Design News in 2010
Criticism has been made of the Evoques voice interface the entertainment systems touchscreen.
Sales
By the day the Evoque was officially launched, Land Rover stated that it had received over 18,000 orders for it. In North America (one of Land Rovers key and largest markets, with the United States being Land Rovers second largest market other than the United Kingdom), Land Rover stated that it was likely that the five-door model would be more popular, than the three-door coupè model, which Land Rover stated would be more popular in Europe.
Marketing
Land Rover have marketed the Evoque as being more hip, fashionable, and urban-oriented, than their other models. In addition to this, much of the marketing for the Evoque is directed towards urban-consumers. In 2011, Land Rover brought the Evoque to New York City for promotional purposes. They drove numerous models around the city, most notably in Times Square, where a set of television commercials was filmed for the North American market. Land Rover even set many of the Evoques in the center of Times Square for weeks, which attracted much public, and media attention. This helped get the word out, for the Evoque. Land Rover has also made many print, online, and radio ads for the Evoque, as well as doing similar publicity stunts in cities such as Shanghai, Dublin, Los Angeles, London, and Paris.
Land Rover has also released a number of apps, for the iOS AppStore pertaining to the Evoque. For example, one is called ""Land Rover Range Rover Evoque iConfigurator"", which can help buyers customise their own Evoque. Another is an interactive brochure for the Evoque, with which one can learn information, and details about the Evoque, and its variations.
Thursday, May 23, 2013
Electra Glide Harley Davidson FL
FL is a model designation used on motorcycles manufactured by Harley-Davidson from 1941 to present. Mostly applied to Harleys large-framed bikes, including the current Touring series, the FL designation is also used with their Softail series, especially on Softails with traditional styling, 16-inch front wheels, and either Springer forks or large-diameter telescopic front forks. This range of Harley bikes is one of the most iconic, which includes the VRSC(night rod, V-rod), softail and sportster families. Its main competition comes from the Victory motorcycles company.
Early FL models
The FL was introduced to the Harley-Davidson model line in 1941. It used a 74 cu in (1,210 cc) version of the "Knucklehead" OHV engine that powered the EL in 61 cu in (1,000 cc) form. The FL shared its frame with the EL and with the U and UL, which used a 74 cubic inch flathead engine. The FL replaced the UH and ULH, which used the same frame with 80 cu in (1,300 cc) flathead engines.
The FL continued relatively unchanged until 1948, when it and the EL were given redesigned "Panhead" engines of the same capacities as before. These engines had several improvements over the earlier "Knuckleheads", including aluminum cylinder heads to reduce weight and improve cooling and self-adjusting hydraulic lifters.[2]The U and UL flathead twins were discontinued in 1948, leaving the OHV EL and FL models as Harley-Davidsons large-frame motorcycles.
Hydra-Glide
In 1949, a year after receiving the "Panhead" engine, the FL was given a new front suspension and a model name to go along with it. In honor of their first production motorcycle with hydraulically damped telescopic forks, the FL was officially called the Hydra-Glide. This name would change twice in the history of the basic large-framed FL bikes, each time signalling an improvement in the bikes technology. In addition, the Glide ending would be used on other models, based on both and FL and FX formats.
In 1952, the Hydra-Glides transmission standard hand-shift/foot-clutch was joined by the optional foot-shift/hand-clutch. Although the original format continued to be offered as an option until 1978. 1952 was also the last year of the 61 cu in (1,000 cc) EL, making the FL the last remaining large-frame model.
Although the 1903 founding is now the basis for "Anniversary Models", Harley-Davidsons 50th Golden Anniversary was celebrated in 1954 with special paints and badges on the front fender. (1904 was the first year of production.)
A more highly tuned engine with high-compression heads, higher-lift cams, and polished ports, was offered with the FLH version of 1955. The FLH designation has continued up to the present.
Duo-Glide
The FL model was given a new frame in 1958. This frame included a rear swingarm suspended by a pair of coil-over-shock suspension units. In honor of this fully suspended chassis, the FLs model name was changed from Hydra-Glide to Duo-Glide.
Unlike OHV configuration, aluminum heads, and telescopic-fork front suspension, however, this improvement in technology was applied to the small-frame bikes first, the K-series having received rear suspension in 1952.
Electra Glide
The third and final change given to the name of the basic FL model would occur in 1965, the final year of the "Panhead" engines. These last "Panheads" were the first "big-twin" Harley-Davidson engines to be equipped with electric starters, the Servi-Car having received electric start the year before. This innovation for Harley-Davidson was greeted with the new model name of Electra Glide.
In 1966, the "Panhead" gave way to the "Shovelhead", gaining a ten percent increase in power in the process.
A fork-mounted fairing became available on Electra Glides in 1969. This became unofficially known as the "batwing" fairing. Although the batwing fairing was an easily removable option on early Electra Glides, it was not removable on later machines, as the instruments were moved from the fuel tank into the fairing.
The FL frame was the basis for the 1971 FX Super Glide. The FX mated the FL frame with the forks of the XL Sportster, with buckhorn handlebars and a large fibreglass tailpiece completing the Super Glide specification.
The FL was given a front disc brake in 1972.
The three-speed plus reverse option was discontinued in 1977.
A 1977 Harley-Davidson Confederate Edition of the FHL Electra Glide that featured commemorative paint and tank and fender decals was produced. The unit production was in such low volume numbers - only 44 - as to make it one of the rarest of the companys motorcycles.
An 80 cu in (1,300 cc) engine was made optional on the Electra Glide in 1978. However, the FL designation was not changed as a result. By 1981, the 80 cubic inch engine was the standard engine; the 74 cu in (1,210 cc) engine being discontinued.
The low-compression FL engine was discontinued in 1979, as was the option for hand-shift/foot-clutch transmission controls.
Tour Glide
The FLT Tour Glide was introduced in 1979. Sold alongside the existing FLH Electra Glide, the FLT had a larger frame with rubber engine mounts, a five-speed transmission, the 80 cu in (1,300 cc) engine, and a frame-mounted fairing. In order that the FLT frame, which was larger and heavier than the large and heavy FLH frame, would handle acceptably, the front forks were given radical steering geometry which had them mounted behind the steering head, with the frame behind the steering head being recessed to allow adequate steering lock.
The FLHT was introduced in 1983. This was an Electra Glide based on the FLT Tour Glide frame, but using the Electra Glide "batwing" fairing instead of the Tour Glide frame-mounted fairing.
Except for the base FLH, all 1984 FLs were equipped with the new rubber-mounted Evolution engine and a five-speed transmission.
All "Shovelhead" engines were discontinued by the 1985 model year. In that year, the four-speed solid-engine-mount FLH was modified to accept rubber mounting and the Evolution engine. The FLH was discontinued in 1986; all Touring models thereafter used the FLT/FLHT frame. Ironically, the FLT Tour Glide, which introduced the current Touring frame, was dropped from the lineup in 1996. The frame-mounted Tour fairing would return with the FLTR Road Glide in 1998.
The Evolution engine was replaced by the Twin Cam 88 engine on all large-frame Harley-Davidson motorcycles in 1999.
Unfaired Glides
An unfaired version of the FLH Electra Glide, known as the FLHS Electra Glide Sport, was available from 1977 to 1982. An unfaired FLHT Electra Glide reintroduced the FLHS Electra Glide Sport name in 1987. In 1994, the FLHS Electra Glide Sport was replaced by the FLHR Road King, which continues to the present day.
2009 Touring chassis
For the 2009 model year, Harley-Davidson redesigned the entire touring range. The changes included a new frame, new swingarm, a completely revised engine-mounting system, 17-inch front wheels for all models except the Road King Classic, a 6 US gallons (23 l; 5.0 imp gal) fuel tank, and a 2-1-2 exhaust. The changes result in greater load carrying capacity, better handling, a smoother engine, longer range and less exhaust heat transmitted to the rider and passenger.
Tri-Glide Ultra Classic
Also released in the FL Touring range for the 2009 model year was the FLHTCUTG Tri Glide Ultra Classic, the first three-wheeled Harley-Davidson since the Servi-Car was discontinued in 1973. This model features a unique frame and a 103 cid engine exclusive to the trike.
FL Softails
Harley-Davidson introduced the Softail chassis in 1984. The original Softails used the small FX telescopic forks, but the FLST Heritage Softail with large FL telescopic forks was introduced in 1986. The FLSTC Heritage Softail Classic, with large front forks and retro styling, was in production by 1988.
Other Softails with big forks followed, including the 1990 introduction of the FLSTF Fat Boy and the 1993-only FLSTN "Cow Glide". The base FLST Heritage Special was discontinued in 1991. The FLSTN was continued after 1993 without the bovine motif as the Nostalgia model until 1997, when it was replaced by the FLSTSC Springer Classic. The Springer Classic is also designated as an FL despite using Springer forks instead of the large FL telescopic forks.
In 2000, all Softails, including the FL models, were switched from the Evolution engine to the counterbalanced Twin Cam 88B engine specially developed for the rigid engine mounting in this frame.
The FLSTN designation returned in 2005 with the Softail Deluxe. The FLSTN Deluxe, which was introduced in 2005, also came with an option of carb or EFI models. The year 2005 was also the last in which a carb was offered on all HD big twin models.
FLD Dyna Switchback
Harley-Davidson introduced the FLD Dyna Switchback in 2012. It is the first Dyna-series motorcycle to use FL-style forks and be given the FL designation.
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